Method of writing an essay
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
History the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2
History the world - Essay Example These practices extended from vernacular to the method of dressing where the men used to wear kikoi while ladies cotton lesos or buibuis, which secured their bodies even their head (Laska 63). Basically, this described the method of dressing normally favored by Arabs and Indian ladies, which is clear at the coast at the present (Luis). Also, the blending of Arabs, Persians, Indians and later Portuguese, this prompted the development of a one of a kind language (Kiswahili), which is especially uncontrolled in the Eastern Africa. Since, it was the sole language utilized by the then brokers and encouraged better comprehension in their middle (Laska 63). Indian Ocean Exchange likewise prompted the ascent of different cultural classes where the most extravagant traders positioned at the top (Luis). These shippers controlled the exchange while the slaves accepted least position in the general public. Settlement of Arabs at the African coast affected seaside tenants to receive Islamic religion where to the present Islamic has overwhelmed the area. Swahili culture has likewise brought forth an extra ethnic gathering other than those possessed the east African beach front locale; for the most part connected with Arabian starting point regularly known Waswahili (Laska
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Julian Assange; Hero or Villain?
Julian Assange Hero or Villain? The subject of whether WikiLeaks organizer Julian Assange, whose association can be credited with discharging a great many grouped archives from different nations, is a legend or a miscreant relies altogether upon oneââ¬â¢s political sentiments. The individuals who have faith in straightforward government and the right to speak freely of discourse/distributing would call Assange a legend. The individuals who accept governments must have some mystery from residents would consider him a reprobate. As an adherent to the standards America was established on obviously Assangeââ¬â¢s activities are brave. He is battling to keep the normal resident educated regarding any debasement inside their administration, battling for the prevailing media to quit supporting the governmentââ¬â¢s sees on everything, battling to bring the intensity of innovation into a political framework that has gotten obsolete and degenerate. The United States is looked on as the perfect case of vote based system. Individuals have the right to speak freely of discourse, choose the authorities who speak to them and the administration attempts to profit the regular individual. Correct? Wrong. How might we attempt and set up another administration where the individuals are effectively engaged with nations, for example, Iraq when the normal American doesnââ¬â¢t know anything about whatââ¬â¢s going on in our own legislature. Julian Assangeââ¬â¢s association uncovered 1,500 non military personnel passings in Iraq already unreported to the American open. (4) Our family members are battling for their nation and weââ¬â¢re told that regular citizen losses are going down when in truth there are 1,500 beforehand unreported passings, thereââ¬â¢s some kind of problem with that image. Outside of the U. S. WikiLeaks has had an effect in Tunisia when they distributed comments made by Ambassador Robert Godec expressing that the governmentââ¬â¢s inward circles were degenerate. The breaks included with the effectively turbulent indignation at the administration sent Tunisians to the brink, and they toppled the degenerate government. (1) Those who trust Assange to be a reprobate site his ââ¬Å"vendettaâ⬠against the U. S. as the essential explanation behind doubt and contempt, yet the distribution of Robert Godecââ¬â¢s proclamations helped the U. S. gain power in the Middle East and prevail in their, ââ¬Å"efforts to work with different nations to tackle shared problemsâ⬠. Hillary Clinton) The releases posted on WikiLeaks supported the U. S. more so than it hurt them, making Julian Assange a legend, not a lowlife. In the event that Julian Assangeââ¬â¢s campaign isnââ¬â¢t against the United States, at that point what is he battling for? What about for the predominant media to report more than one side of the story? The prevailing media will not recognize Assange as a real writer and distributer; in actuality the opportunity of the press panel of the Overseas Press Club of America in New York City pronounced Assange ââ¬Å"not one of usâ⬠. 2) This appears to be odd when the obligation of the press has consistently been to illuminate the individuals, which Assange is doing, but in an eccentric way. Take for instance the war in Afghanistan, without WikiLeaks the general population is exposed to claims that the Taliban is losing â⬠and that al Qaeda has been seriously debilitated but then weââ¬â¢re advised that our nation should stick it out until 2015, rather conflicting! Associations, for example, WikiLeaks power the conventional press to recognize irregularities in Washingtonââ¬â¢s story. In spite of the fact that they do proceed to attempt to control the account with the goal that it doesn't profoundly deviate from the official Washington storyline. Without the weight put on by Julian Assange opportunity of press would decay, making him a legend, At least once every century governments experience radical change. In the 1700ââ¬â¢s it was the American Revolution, in the 1800ââ¬â¢s it was the French Revolution, in the 1900ââ¬â¢s it was the Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution. What will the transformation of the 2000ââ¬â¢s be? Governments have just been de-settled in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Who says that the fights wonââ¬â¢t proceed over to the United States? Fights in different nations happened in light of the fact that the frameworks were obsolete and debasement was suspected. This is positively obvious in the U. S. , where the governmentââ¬â¢s wastefulness is being accused on obsolete innovation. Dwindle Orszag, the executive of the Office of Management and Budget conceded that the hole between people in general and private segments brings about ââ¬Å"billions of dollars in squander, slow and deficient client support and an absence of straightforwardness about how dollars are spent,â⬠this ââ¬Å"lack of transparencyâ⬠is actually what Assange is battling against. (3) WikiLeaks powers the United States government to consider the extraordinary mystery it works under and whether this is the best for its residents. Without Assange the ââ¬Å"lack of transparencyâ⬠would just develop, making him a legend. Julian Assange has been called numerous names; double crosser, rebel and even a cutting edge psychological oppressor, yet the best possible name for him is saint. WikiLeaks is an association that genuinely works for the individuals. Keeping individuals educated with the internal operations of government, squeezing the press to recognize reality and driving change inside government. WikiLeaks is driving news-casting into the future and Assange is the driver. Sources: 1) Jackson, William E. , Jr. ââ¬Å"A Liberated Press and WikiLeaks: Bulwarks Against Claims of ââ¬ËVictoryââ¬â¢ in Afghanistan . â⬠The Huffington Post. N. p. , 2 Feb. 2011. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. . 2) Zapata, Xavier. ââ¬Å"Is Julian Assange a saint or a reprobate? â⬠World Have Your Say Blog. BBC, 7 Dec. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. http://www. bbc. co. uk/online journals/worldhaveyoursay/2010/12/is_julian_assange_a_hero_or_vi. html 3) Swanson, Ian. ââ¬Å"Budget executive accuses old PCs for insufficient government. â⬠The Hill. Capital Hill Publishing Co. , 14 Jan. 2010. Web. 6 Mar. 2011. . 4) Assange, Julian. ââ¬Å"Julian Assange; The Man Behind WikiLeaks. â⬠Interview by Steve Kroft. an hour. CBS News. 30 Jan. 2011. CBS News. Web. 6 Mar. 2011. .
Sunday, July 26, 2020
Who you gonna call
Who you gonna call Not these guys, I hope. Hopefully, instead youll call these two: Last night, LSC hosted the Mythbusters, Adam and Jamie, who came to MIT to describe some of their work and how they get inspiration for what they do. Ive never seen a more packed Kresge. Not even for a Logs concert. Mythbusters on stage. Now, what you might not know is that the Mythbusters are not foreign to MIT. (Hops into Time Machine) The year was 2005, and one day I found myself walking out of class across Killian Court to see a number of mirrors all lined out on the grass. Last year, students from Professor David Wallaces Product Engineering Process (2.009) class had the opportunity to try to bust the Archimedes Death Ray myth. So a couple students went out to San Francisco to help the Mythbusters test the myth. The early test at MIT resulted in the large flash ignition; however, when it came to the show, the MIT team along with the Mythbusters were not able to recreate the flame. More on MIT and the Archimedes Death Ray can be found here
Friday, May 22, 2020
The Declaration Of Independence The United States
The Document that Lead to Freedom America is known by people all over the world as a country that firmly believes that everyone has the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This however was not always the case for the United States. It was once ruled by King George III, and the American people were under the control of the British Parliament. It is what the founding fathers of our country fought for, that made it possible for the United States to be what our country is today. This was only possible by their bravery and the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was a document that was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was 33 years old at the time. Only a few changes were made byâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Eventually The Stamp Act of 1765 would be removed. The victory of the removal of the Stamped Act was short-lived. The next reason why the American Colonist Declared Independence was when the British had imposed tax on tea, wh ich angered the Bostonians. On December 16, 1773, a group of men dressed up as Indians, boarded the merchant ships in the Boston Harbor and dumped tea overboard. This act became known as The Boston Tea Party (Krensky 15). This did not sit well with Britain. Britain, in retaliation, closed the Port of Boston, until the Bostonians paid off the amount of tea wasted, causing economic distress, which later became known as the Coercive Acts of 1774 (Nardo21). The British Parliament wanted to use Boston as an example and keep the other 12 Colonist from acting out against the British Parliament. This, however, had the opposite effect. The American Colonist had united in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in September 1774, where all colonies, except for Georgia, declared their rights and grievances against the British, in hopes that their voice would be listen to. King George did not listen (Nardo22). That led to The Second Continental Congress. The American Colonist sent King G eorge a list of grievances called the Olive Branch Petition. King George responded by sending an army of about 20,000 to end what he called, ââ¬Å"open and avowed rebellion.â⬠(Johnston40).
Friday, May 8, 2020
The Between The Euphrates And Euphrates Tigris And Tigris...
Nearly ten-thousand years ago the first recorded civilization emerged in the world. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, (Mesopotamia) lived the ancient Sumerian peoples. Since then, time has seen the creation and decimation of thousands of countries and economies. In this time, common political structures consisted of a powerful top down ruling where either pharaohs, dictators, or kings held all or most of the power. After ten-thousand years of trial and error, the American capitalistic system of the last several hundred years has propelled civilizations across the world in an increasingly exponential positive direction. The prowess of capitalism, as opposed to other systems like socialism and communism, can be proved through philosophy, psychology and history. The crisis of the 14th century seen the infantile implementation of capitalistic thought. The crisis brought social upheaval, plagues and natural disasters to areas across Europe. There had been a dramatic drop in population during this era, ââ¬Å"In little over a century, from 1340 to 1450, however, the western European population fell from 54 million to 37 million, a 31 percent drop in only a centuryâ⬠(Mises). France had seen an incredible amount of rainfall in the year 1315 which led to wide spread crop failure. During this time there had been, ââ¬Å"widespread famine, reports of cannibalism, and epidemicsâ⬠(Uwbg). The 14th century also seen the disastrous effects of the black plague which speculatively claimed theShow MoreRelated Mesopotamia Urbanization Essay1389 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe ââ¬Å"Land between riversâ⬠. The two main rivers that ran parallel to each other in Mesopotamia were called the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Tigris River was the more unpredictable river to the East of the Euphrates River and the second largest river in the region. The Euphrates River is the larger of the two rivers and is located to the West of the Tigris river. Both rivers flowed from Eastern Turkey all the way to the Persian Gulf (Tigris-Euphrates river system) .The two rivers providedRead MoreChange over Time Essay: Mesopotamia from 2000 Bce to Current Day1078 Words à |à 5 PagesBCE to Current Day The earliest civilization in Asia arose around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia meaning land between the rivers because of its convenient location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This river valley regions rich soil and access to waterways made early civilization thrive on agriculture and trade. Although much has changed since its beginnings, the Mesopotamian River Valley has continued to grow and develop as a civilization to this day. During the time period 2000 BCE to presentRead MoreGilgamesh : The King Of Uruk984 Words à |à 4 Pagestame Enkidu. After being tamed and hearing about Gilgamesh and his wedding day customs, Enkidu decides to go confront him. Once there he stopped Gilgamesh from proceeding with his regular activities. Gilgamesh was enraged by this and a clash erupted between the two. Even though he had good intentions Enkidu lost, but admired Gilgameshââ¬â¢s power and strength, and so the two of them became best friends. Gilgamesh wants to steal power from the god s and so he plans to go to the cedar forest to kill HumbabaRead MoreSocial Studies Megan Baldwin s The Epic Of Gilgamesh 788 Words à |à 4 Pagesout of clay. O is for Oldest Society O is for Oldest Society. Mesopotamia is the oldest society. Society means a group of people living together in a group. It was the first society known to humans. Mesopotamia is between the Tigris and Euphrates river. It was located where it was because of the water supply. Water is an important thing to have near you for plant growing and drinking. P is for Polytheism P is for Polytheism. Polytheism is the worship of many godsRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization1351 Words à |à 6 PagesMesopotamian Civilization Wedged between the Tigris and Euphrates River, the first civilization and founder of the many methods and ideas we hold today, now lay in ruins under the desert sands of present day Iraq. Mesopotamia is home to the invention of writing, our twelve month lunar based calendar, the wheel, the division of minutes to seconds, and the opening of the first routes to import and export trade. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia were enveloped by environmental conditions that constantlyRead More The Inflence of Rivers and Climate on Baghdad, Iraq Essay1124 Words à |à 5 PagesInflence of Rivers and Climate on Baghdad, Iraq The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, along with their reaction to the climate, have both helped and hurt Baghdad, Iraq. The rivers provided pathways to other civilizations, allowing Baghdad to grow into the transportation and cultural center of Iraq. Its fertile soil, deposited by flooding, provided the area with the ability to become the birthplace of civilization through tremendous agricultural production. Although the flooding of the rivers greatlyRead MoreDescribe The Relationship Between Ancient Civilizations1023 Words à |à 5 PagesAncient Civilizations In this essay I will be explaining the relationship between four ancient civilizations. These civilizations include; Mesopotamia, India, China and Egypt. Not only will I be explaining the relationship between these four civilizations, I will also be explaining how the geography of these civilizations relate to religion, social classes,and writing. Paragraph 1 - Describe land and water forms The geography of these four civilizations are very important aspect of their cultureRead MoreMesopotamia and Egypt Essay before 600 BC911 Words à |à 4 Pagesexcel in farming and agriculture. Mesopotamia had fertile valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Despite receiving little rainfall, the Tigris and Euphrates brought large volumes of fresh water to the region through irrigation. Cultivators tapped these rivers, built reservoirs, and dug canals so they could irrigate fields of barley, wheat, and peas. Similarly, Egypt also had little rainfall. However, in the Nile river allowed farming to develop along its banks. The Egyptians took advantageRead MoreGeographic and Environmental Factors1517 Words à |à 7 Pagesdiscovery of the Cumberland Gap. The second geographical factor that significantly contributed to the development and expansion of the United States is the major rivers of the Midwest regions such as, ââ¬Å"The Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and other rivers knit together the American nation over the course of a centuryâ⬠(River Towns, River Networks, 2012). The early colonists had trouble passing over the Appalachian Mountains due to the extremely difficult environmental conditions that these mountainsRead MoreAncient Mesopotamia And Egypt Different1029 Words à |à 5 PagesEgypt; Different The Same Long before you and I today were societies in formation. These fascinating societies took place in Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. Many factors contributed to the similarities and the differences that occurred between the two; including geography, religion, and social structures. A glance at the these factors will give us a better understanding of a couple of the first societies or civilizations that occurred before people today. In order to understand a society
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Concepts in Brave New World Free Essays
10/11/12 Journal Entry #5: HTRLLAP Concepts The concept of ââ¬Å"vampiresâ⬠is present in Brave New World because the men and women donââ¬â¢t respect each other in the area of romance. Men like Henry Foster just use girls like Lenina for sex. But having sex with multiple people is socially accepted in the World State. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts in Brave New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Brave New World, symbolic vampirism is used because the men and women use each other to get what they want which is sex. They do not care about what the other person wants. An example is Lenina trying to seduce John, when he makes it clear he does not just want to have sex with her. John is the opposite of the men from the World State because when he was thinking about how pretty she was he told himself that it was a ââ¬Å"destestable thoughtâ⬠(145). Acts of Communion, was shown in Lord of the Flies when the boys were having a feast after Jack had killed the pig. This was a failed meal because towards the end Simon gives his piece of meat to Piggy who asked for some, but Jack denied saying he didnââ¬â¢t hunt. Piggy replies with, ââ¬Å"no more did Ralph, nor Simonâ⬠(74) and Simon, being the inherently good person, gives Piggy his piece of meat. The meal is a failure because Jack becomes furious over Simonââ¬â¢s actions. At the end, Ralph becomes ââ¬Å"envious and resentfulâ⬠(75) which shows that he is upset with how the boys are acting and later in the book, hunting becomes a negative thing because the boys end up killing Simon, mistaking him for the beast. The Bible is used in Lord of the Flies to describe Simon and Roger. Simon was the Christ figure throughout the book. He helped Ralph build the shelters when the other boys were off playing, he gave Piggy his food when Piggy asks about having a piece of meat and he is killed like a martyr. He is murdered by the boys and he is the first boy to die at the hands of the others. Simon was carried away by the ocean and the description of how he was carried away portrayed him as an angel. The snake of the Garden of Eden was represented by Roger. Roger was always quiet and in the background. He threw rocks at the young boys, purely for fun and he was the boy who pushed the rock that killed Piggy and shattered the conch shell. The concept of ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s All About Sexâ⬠¦Except Sexâ⬠is shown in Brave New World because Huxley uses sex as a way to show the characterââ¬â¢s desires to have power over another person. Because all of the Alphaââ¬â¢s are equal, they want to feel somewhat above the other person. Sex throughout the story is also used by the women as a sense of freedom. They can be with any man and people do not make any judgment of them. Sex is also used as a release and freedom for the people. They take the soma and then the characters donââ¬â¢t have a care in the world and do whatever they please because of the effects of the soma. How to cite Concepts in Brave New World, Essay examples Concepts in Brave New World Free Essays 10/11/12 Journal Entry #5: HTRLLAP Concepts The concept of ââ¬Å"vampiresâ⬠is present in Brave New World because the men and women donââ¬â¢t respect each other in the area of romance. Men like Henry Foster just use girls like Lenina for sex. But having sex with multiple people is socially accepted in the World State. We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts in Brave New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Brave New World, symbolic vampirism is used because the men and women use each other to get what they want which is sex. They do not care about what the other person wants. An example is Lenina trying to seduce John, when he makes it clear he does not just want to have sex with her. John is the opposite of the men from the World State because when he was thinking about how pretty she was he told himself that it was a ââ¬Å"destestable thoughtâ⬠(145). Acts of Communion, was shown in Lord of the Flies when the boys were having a feast after Jack had killed the pig. This was a failed meal because towards the end Simon gives his piece of meat to Piggy who asked for some, but Jack denied saying he didnââ¬â¢t hunt. Piggy replies with, ââ¬Å"no more did Ralph, nor Simonâ⬠(74) and Simon, being the inherently good person, gives Piggy his piece of meat. The meal is a failure because Jack becomes furious over Simonââ¬â¢s actions. At the end, Ralph becomes ââ¬Å"envious and resentfulâ⬠(75) which shows that he is upset with how the boys are acting and later in the book, hunting becomes a negative thing because the boys end up killing Simon, mistaking him for the beast. The Bible is used in Lord of the Flies to describe Simon and Roger. Simon was the Christ figure throughout the book. He helped Ralph build the shelters when the other boys were off playing, he gave Piggy his food when Piggy asks about having a piece of meat and he is killed like a martyr. He is murdered by the boys and he is the first boy to die at the hands of the others. Simon was carried away by the ocean and the description of how he was carried away portrayed him as an angel. The snake of the Garden of Eden was represented by Roger. Roger was always quiet and in the background. He threw rocks at the young boys, purely for fun and he was the boy who pushed the rock that killed Piggy and shattered the conch shell. The concept of ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s All About Sexâ⬠¦Except Sexâ⬠is shown in Brave New World because Huxley uses sex as a way to show the characterââ¬â¢s desires to have power over another person. Because all of the Alphaââ¬â¢s are equal, they want to feel somewhat above the other person. Sex throughout the story is also used by the women as a sense of freedom. They can be with any man and people do not make any judgment of them. Sex is also used as a release and freedom for the people. They take the soma and then the characters donââ¬â¢t have a care in the world and do whatever they please because of the effects of the soma. How to cite Concepts in Brave New World, Papers
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
John Quincy Adams Essays - Adams Family, John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams JOHN QUINCY ADAMS John Quincy Adams was born in Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts on July 11th, 1767. His ancestry lineage was English. Adams' religion was Unitarian. His father, John Adams, was born in Braintree (Quincy), Massachusetts on October 19th, 1735. He died in Quincy, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1826. He had three major occupations. He was a lawyer, a statesman, and the President of the United States. His mother, Abigail Smith Adams, was born in Weymouth Massachusetts on November 11th, 1744. She died in Quincy, Massachusetts on October 28th, 1818. John Quincy Adams had two brothers: Charles Adams who lived between the years 1770 and 1800, and Thomas Boylston Adams who lived between the years 1772 and 1832. He also had two sisters: Abigail Amelia Adams who lived between the years 1765 and 1813, and Susanna Adams who lived between the years 1768 and 1770. Louisa Catherine Johnson was born in London, England on February 12th, 1775 and she died in Washington DC on May 14th, 1852. Louisa was the second daughter of Joshua and Catherine Johnson. John Quincy Adams and Louisa Catherine Johnson were married before eleven a.m. on July 26th, 1767 in London, England at the All Hollows Barking Church. They were married by Mr. Hewlett. The portrait on the next page is of Louisa Catherine Adams at age 43. It was painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1818. John Quincy Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams had four children. Their children were George Washington Adams (1801-1812), John Adams (1803-1834), Charles Francis Adams (1807-1886), and Louisa Catherine Adams (1811-1812). John Quincy Adams had plenty of education, which helped him in his election as President. He studied in Paris, Amsterdam, Leyden, and The Hugue. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1787 from Harvard and studied law from 1788 to 1790 with Theophilus Parsons. His Pre-presidency occupations consisted of being a lawyer and a professor. These jobs helped Adams to have the confidence he needed to become President. His Pre-Presidential offices consisted of being a Minister to the Netherlands, a Minister to Prussia, a Member of Massachusetts Senate, a Member of United States Senate, a Minister to Russia, a Minister to Great Britain, and a Secretary of State for Massachusetts. Adams' Political Party was Federalist, to 1808; Democratic-Republican, to 1825; National Republican (Whig) thereafter. He was 57 years of age when he was inaugurated as President. Adams was a Congressman and a writer after his presidency. In the election of 1824 Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay ran against John Quincy Adams for president. Although Jackson received more votes than Adams, no candidate had a majority, so the election was submitted to the House of Representatives which, after careful examination of each party, chose Adams. He was and still is the only president ever to be the son of a president. Adams' Inauguration was held on March 4th, 1825 at the Hall of the House of Representatives in Washington, DC. His vice-president was John Calhoun; Secretary of State: Henry Clay; Secretary of Treasury: Richard Rush; Secretary of War: James Barbour, Peter Buell Porter (from June 21st, 1828); Attorney General: John McLean; Secretary of the Navy: Samuel Lewis Southard; Supreme Court Appointment: Robert Trimble (1826). John Quincy Adams' unexpected success as minister to Russia saved him from a political scrap heap to which he had been relegated by those who deplored his disregard for party lines. He had already represented the United States at The Hague and in Prussia, where he had seen the rise of tensions which upset Europe in the early 1800's. His mission in Russia was to urge freedom of the seas, to seek favorable treatment for American shipping in Russian waters, and to reaffirm the desire of the United States to avoid entanglement in continental policies. The Adams's arrived in Saint Petersburg late in 1809 and soon were a part of the capital's social whirl. When fifty-two American ships were seized by Danish privateers, Adams appealed to Alexander the 1st (who was eager for American friendship) to intercede. Through the Czar's efforts, the ships were released. By late 1810, Adams had convinced the Czar to discontinue the capture and detainment of American ships in Russian Ports. The Czar's decision was in defiance of Napoleon's system of
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